NCERT Class 9 Science (Chemistry) Chapter 2 – Is Matter around Us Pure

A substance is a pure single form of matter. It has definite properties and compositions. Example: Iron

The following are the differences between heterogeneous and homogenous mixtures.

Mass of solute (NaCl) = 36 g

Mass of solvent (H2O) = 100 g

Mass of solution (NaCl + H2O) = 136 g

Concentration = Mass of solute/Mass of solution x 100

Concentration = 36/136 x 100 = 26.47%

Hence, the concentration of the solution is 26.47%

According to the question, kerosene and petrol are miscible, and their boiling points differ by more than 25 degrees Celsius, which is a significant difference. Therefore they can be separated using a simple distillation procedure.

Distillation can separate kerosene and petrol since their boiling points differ by more than 25 degrees Celsius. The kerosene and petrol combination will be poured into a hot distillation flask. Because petrol has a lower boiling point, it will evaporate and create vapours first as the temperature of the mixture rises. A condenser condenses the vapours of gasoline and collects them through the condenser output. In the distillation flask, kerosene with a higher boiling point will be left behind.

Because their vapours will develop within the same temperature range if the difference in boiling points of two liquids is not great, a simple distillation procedure cannot be utilised to separate them. Fractional distillation separates these liquids by passing the vapours through a fractionating column before condensation.

a) A process known as centrifugation is used to separate butter from curd. The process is governed by the principle of density.

b) We can use the simple evaporation technique to separate salt from seawater. Distillation causes water to evaporate, leaving solid salt behind, hence the production of salt.

c) Sublimation can be used to separate camphor from salt, as during the phase change, camphor does not undergo a liquid phase.

The technique of crystallisation is used to separate solids from a liquid solution. It is linked to precipitation, but in this technique, the precipitate is achieved in a crystal form which exhibits extremely high levels of purity. The principle of crystallisation can be applied to purify impure substances.

The following is the classification into physical and chemical change:

Listed below are the classifications based on pure substances and mixtures:

(a) In water, sodium chloride in its solution can be separated through the process of Evaporation.

(b) The technique of sublimation is apt as Ammonium chloride supports Sublimation.

(c) Tiny chunks of metal pieces in the engine oil of a car can be manually filtered.

(d) Chromatography can be used for the fine segregation of various pigments from an extract of flower petals.

(e) The technique of centrifugation can be applied to separate butter from curd. It is based on the concept of difference in density.

(f) To separate oil from water, which are two immiscible liquids which vary in their densities, using a funnel can be an effective method.

(g) Tea leaves can be manually separated from tea using simple filtration methods.

(h) Iron pins can be separated from sand either manually or with the use of magnets as the pins exhibit strong magnetic quality, which can be a key characteristic taken into consideration.

(i) The differentiating property between husk and wheat is that there is a difference in their mass. If treated with a small amount of wind energy, a remarkable variation in the moving distance is noticed. Hence, to separate them, the sedimentation/winnowing procedure can be applied.

(j) Due to the property of water, sand or fine mud particles tends to sink in the bottom as it is denser provided they are undisturbed. Through the process of sedimentation/decantation, water can be separated from fine mud particles, as the technique is established on obtaining clear water by tilting it out.

(a) Into a vessel, add a cup of milk, which is the solvent, and supply it with heat.

(b) Add tea powder or tea leaves to the boiling milk, which acts as a solute. Continue to heat.

(c) The solute, i.e., the tea powder, remains insoluble in the milk, which can be observed while it is still boiling.

(d) At this stage, add some sugar to the boiling solution while stirring.

(e) Sugar is a solute but is soluble in the solvent.

(f) Continuous stirring causes the sugar to dissolve completely in the tea solution, reaching saturation.

(g) Once the raw smell of tea leaves vanishes and the tea solution is boiled enough, take the solution off the heat, filter or strain it to separate the tea powder and the tea solution. The insoluble tea powder remains as a residue while the solute (sugar) and the solvent (essenced milk solution) strain through the filter medium, which is collected as the filtrate.

(a) Given:

Mass of potassium nitrate required to produce a saturated solution in 100 g of water at 313 K = 62g

To find:

Mass of potassium nitrate required to produce a saturated solution in 50 g of water =?

Required amount = 62 x 50/100 = 31

Hence, 31 g of potassium nitrate is required.

(b) The solubility of potassium chloride in water is decreased when a saturated solution of potassium chloride loses heat at 353 K. Consequently, Pragya would observe crystals of potassium chloride, which would have surpassed its solubility at low temperatures.

(c) As per the given data, that is

Solubility of potassium nitrate at 293K = 32 g

Solubility of sodium chloride at 293K = 36 g

Solubility of potassium chloride at 293K = 35 g

Solubility of ammonium chloride at 293K = 37g

We can observe from this data that ammonium chloride has the highest solubility at 293K.

(d) Effect of change of temperature on the solubility of salts:

The table clearly depicts that the solubility of the salt is dependent upon the temperature and increases with an increase in temperature. With this, we can infer that when a salt arrives at its saturation point at a specific temperature, there is a propensity to dissolve more salt through an increase in the temperature of the solution.

(a) Saturated solution: It is the state in a solution at a specific temperature when a solvent is no more soluble without an increase in temperature. Example: Excess carbon leaves off as bubbles from a carbonated water solution saturated with carbon.

(b) Pure substance: A substance is said to be pure when it comprises only one kind of molecule, atom or compound without adulteration with any other substance or any divergence in the structural arrangement. Examples: Sulphur, diamonds etc.

(c) Colloid: A Colloid is an intermediate between solution and suspension. It has particles of various sizes that range between 2 to 1000 nanometers. Colloids can be distinguished from solutions using the Tyndall effect. Tyndall effect is defined as the scattering of light (light beam) through a colloidal solution. Examples: Milk and gelatin.

(d) Suspension: It is a heterogeneous mixture that comprises solute particles that are insoluble but are suspended in the medium. These particles that are suspended are not microscopic but visible to bare eyes and are large enough (usually larger than a micrometre) to undergo sedimentation.

The following is the classification of the given substances into homogenous and heterogenous mixtures.

We can confirm if a colourless liquid is pure by setting it to boil. If it boils at 100°C, it is said to be pure. But if there is a decrease or increase in the boiling point, we infer that water has added impurities, hence not pure.

Following substances from the above-mentioned list are pure substances:

• Iron

• Ice

• Hydrochloric acid

• Calcium oxide

• Mercury

The following are the solutions from the above-mentioned list of mixtures:

• Sea water

• Air

• Soda water

Tyndall effect is exhibited by only milk and starch solution from the above-mentioned list of solutions.

Out of the given list, the following are chemical changes:

Growth of a plant, rusting of iron, cooking of food, digestion of food and burning of candles.