NCERT Solution for Class 11 Economics Chapter 6: Employment - Growth, Informalisation and Related Issues
The NCERT solutions for class 11 economics Chapter 6 shall help the student to delve deep into the knowledge of employment and its various dimensions with regard to growth, informalisation, and the related issues. The trends and patterns of employment in India have been explained here, mainly focused on shifting from the formal to the informal sectors. It critiques the consequences of the process on the job security, wages, and working conditions of workers. The answers, assisted by employment data, provide a detailed analysis that will help students understand the issues involved in the Indian labour market.
Download PDF For NCERT Solutions for Economics Employment - Growth, Informalisation and Related Issues
The NCERT Solution for Class 11 Economics Chapter 6: Employment - Growth, Informalisation and Related Issues are tailored to help the students master the concepts that are key to success in their classrooms. The solutions given in the PDF are developed by experts and correlate with the CBSE syllabus of 2023-2024. These solutions provide thorough explanations with a step-by-step approach to solving problems. Students can easily get a hold of the subject and learn the basics with a deeper understanding. Additionally, they can practice better, be confident, and perform well in their examinations with the support of this PDF.
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Access Answers to NCERT Solution for Class 11 Economics Chapter 6: Employment - Growth, Informalisation and Related Issues
Students can access the NCERT Solution for Class 11 Economics Chapter 6: Employment - Growth, Informalisation and Related Issues. Curated by experts according to the CBSE syllabus for 2023–2024, these step-by-step solutions make Economics much easier to understand and learn for the students. These solutions can be used in practice by students to attain skills in solving problems, reinforce important learning objectives, and be well-prepared for tests.
Employment - Growth, Informalisation and Related Issues
Are the following workers — a beggar, a thief, a smuggler, a gambler? Why?
No, they are not workers because they, are not doing any productive activity.
Find the odd man out (i) owner of a saloon with more than 10 employees (ii) a cobbler
(iii) a cashier in Mother Dairy (iv) a tuition master (v) transport operator (vi) construction worker.
Owner of a saloon.
The newly emerging jobs are found mostly in the sector (service/manufacturing).
Service.
An establishment with four hired workers is known as (formal/informal) sector establishment.
Informal.
Raj is going to school. When he is not in school, you will find him working in his farm. Can you consider him as a worker? Why?
Raj is disguisedly unemployed.
Find the odd man out (i) rickshaw puller who works under a rickshaw owner (ii) mason (iii) mechanic shop worker (iv) shoeshine boy.
Shoeshine boy.
Is it necessary to generate employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector? Why?
With economic reforms in 1991, there has been a significant rise in informalisation of workers. Since informal workers face uncertainties of making of living, it is surprising that such a high percentage of total workforce prefer to be employed in the informal sector. All necessary steps should be taken to generate employment in the formal sector, which is only 7% at present.
Who is a worker?
A worker is an individual who is doing some productive employment to earn a living.
You are residing in a village. If you are asked to advice the village panchayat, what kinds of activities would you suggest for the improvement of your village which would also generate employment.
Digging of wells, fencing, building roads and houses, etc.
Define worker-population ratio.
Workforce Participation Rate (or ratio)
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Participation ratio is defined as the percentage of the total population which is actually participating in productive activity. It is also called workers-population ratio. It indicates the employment situation of the country. A high ratio means that more proportion of the population is actively contributing to the production of goods and services of a country.
Compared to urban women, mSre rural women are found working. Why?
Participation rate for women is higher in rural areas compared with urban areas. It is because in rural areas, poverty forces women to seek employment. Without education, women in rural areas find only less productive jobs and get low wages.
In urban areas, men are able to earn high incomes. So they discourage female members from taking up jobs.
Meena is a housewife. Besides taking care of household chores, she works in the cloth shop which is owned and operated by her husband. Can she be considered as a worker? Why?
Meena is a self-employed worker. She is working in her husband’s clothing shop. She will not get a salary.
Who is a casual wage labourer?
Those people who are not hired by their employers on a regular/permanent basis and do not get social security benefits are said to be casual workers. Example: construction workers.
The following table shows distribution of workforce in India for the year 1972-73. Analyze it and give reasons for the nature of workforce distribution. You will notice that the data is pertaining to the situation in India 30 years ago.
|
Place of Residence |
Workforce(in millions) |
||
|
Male |
Femal |
Total |
|
|
Rural |
125 |
70 |
195 |
|
Urban |
32 |
7 |
39 |
In 1972-73, out of total workforce of 234 million, 195 million was in rural areas and 39 million in urban areas. It shows 83% workforce lived in rural areas. Gender differences were also observed. In rural areas, males accounted for 125 million workforce and women 70 million of workforce. In urban areas, 32 million males formed the workforce whereas women workforce was only 7 million. In the country only 77 million female workers were there as compared to 157 million male workers. In other words, 32% of female workers were there and 68% male workers were there in the country in 1972-73. The data shows:
(a) predominance of agriculture.
(b) more male workers both in urban and rural areas.
(c) less female workers in both rural and urban areas. Also, female workers were much less in urban areas.
The following table shows the population and worker population ratio for India in 1999-2000. Can you estimate the workforce (urban and total) for India?
|
Region |
Estimation of Population ( in crores) |
Workers Population |
Estimated Workers (in crores) |
|
Rural |
71.88 |
41.99 |
(71.88/100)x41.9 = 30.12 |
|
Urban |
28.52 |
33.7 |
? |
|
Total |
100.40 |
39.5 |
? |
Estimated number of workers (in crores) for urban =
28.52
100
x 33.7 = 9.61 crores
Total workforce = 30.12 + 9.61 = 39.73 crores
Why are regular salaried employees more in urban areas than in rural areas?
In urban areas, a considerable section is able to study in various educational institutions. Urban people have a variety of employment opportunities. They are able to look for an appropriate job to suit their qualifications and skills.J3ut in rural areas, people cannot stay at home as they are economically poor.
Why are less women found in regular salaried employment?
Female workers give preference to self-employment rather than to hired employment. It is because women, both in rural and urban areas, are less mobile and thus, prefer to engage themselves in self-employment.
Analyse the recent trends in sectoral distribution of workforce in India.
l.The data in occupational structure is as follows (for the year 1999-2000):
(a) Industry wise the distribution is:
(i) 37.1% of the workforce is engaged in the primary sector.
(ii) 18.7% of the workforce is engaged in the secondary sector.
(iii) 44.2% of the workforce is engaged in the tertiary sector.
(b) Area wise the data is:
(i) In rural areas:
77% of workforce is in primary sector.
11% of workforce is in secondary sector.
12% of workforce is in tertiary sector.
(ii) In urban areas:
10% of workforce is in primary sector.
31% of workforce is in secondary sector.
59% of workforce is in tertiary sector.
2. The data reveals that:
(a) Economic backwardness in the country as 60% of workforce is engaged in agricultural activities. A large proportion of population depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
(b) In urban area, tertiary sector account for 59% of workforce. It shows development and growth in the tertiary sector and the fact that this sector is able to generate sustainable employment and provide livelihood to 59% of the workforce.
3. It can be concluded that in urban areas, the tertiary sector is the main source of livelihood for the majority of the workforce.
Compared to the 1970s, ’there has hardly been any change in the distribution of workforce across various industries. Comment.
It is true that no much change is observed in the distribution of workforce across various industries. It is because the plans did not emphasize the need for development of:
(a) non-agricultural rural employment industries.
(b) small scale, village and cottage industries.
Do you think that in the last 50 years, employment generated in the country is commensurate with the growth of GDP in India? How?
Jobless growth is defined as a situation in which there is an overall acceleration in the growth rate of GDP in the economy which is not accompanied by a commensurate expansion in employment opportunities.This means that in an economy, without generating additional employment we have been able to produce more goods and services. Since the starting of economic reforms in 1991, our economy is experiencing a gap between GDP growth rate and employment growth rate, that is, jobless growth.
Victor is able to get work only for two hours in a day. Rest of the day, he is looking for work. Is hie unemployed? Why? What kind of jobs could persons like Victor be doing?
No. he is employed because Victor has work for 2 hours daily for which he gets paid. He is a casual worker.
How will you know whether a worker is working in the informal sector?
Informal Sector:
(a) It is an unorganized sector of an economy which includes all those private sector enterprises which employ less than 10 workers. Example: agriculture labourers, farmers, owners of small enterprises, etc.
(b) The workers of this sector are called informal workers.
(c) The workers are not entitled to social security benefits.
(d) The workers cannot form trade unions and are not protected by labour laws.
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