NCERT Solutions Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 | Manufacturing Industries

(i)  (b) Cement

(ii)  (b) SAIL

(iii)  (a) Aluminium

(iv)  (b) Electronic

(i) Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials to produce more valuable products. For example, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite.

(ii) Three physical factors for the location of the industry are:
1. Availability of raw materials
2. Closeness to market
3. Availability of power

For example, the jute textile industry is concentrated in West Bengal as the jute-
producing areas lie in the Hugli basin, and there is cheap water transport for the

transportation and processing of jute.

(iii) Three human factors for the location of an industry are the following:
1. Labour
2. Capital
3. Closeness to cities
E.g., the jute textile industry in West Bengal gets cheap labour from the adjoining states, and Kolkata is a large urban centre for banking, insurance and port facilities.

(iv) Basic or key industries are the industries which supply their product or raw materials to manufacture other goods.
For example, iron and steel industries provide iron and steel to other industries as raw materials.

(v) Important raw materials used in the manufacture of cement are the following:
1. Limestone
2. Silica
3. Alumina
4. Gypsum

(i) Integrated steel plants are large and handle everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.

Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, and use steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.

The challenges faced by the steel industry are given below:
1. High cost and limited availability of coking coal
2. Lower productivity of labour
3. Irregular supply of energy
4. Poor infrastructure

Recent developments such as liberalisation and foreign direct investment (FDI) have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

(ii) Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:
1. Air
2. Water

3. Land
4. Noise
Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide and airborne particulate matter.

Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into water bodies. Paper, refineries and tanneries are the main culprits.
Soil and water pollution are closely related. The dumping of waste makes the soil useless for agricultural activities. The pollutants then reach the groundwater through the soil and contaminate it.

Noise pollution is caused by industrial machinery and construction activities.

(iii) The steps that can be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industries are
given below:
1. Adopting the latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment to improve
energy efficiency.
2. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
3. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smokestacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
4. Using silencers for noise-generating equipment.
5. Minimising water usage by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages.
6. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
7. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases:
a. Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding,
flocculation and sedimentation.
b. Secondary treatment by biological process
c. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves the recycling of wastewater.