NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physical Education Chapter 9 : Measurement and Evaluation

Flexibility is the range of motion around the various joints. Flexibility is the ability of our joints and muscles to perform movements with greater range. Good flexibility helps to execute the movement with less muscle tension.

There are different types of tests to measure muscular strength. 

They are:

(i) Push-up: The push-up or press up fitness test measures the upper limb muscular strength and muscular endurance. 

There are many variations of the push-up test, such as different placement of the hands, how far to dip, the duration of the test and the method of counting the number of completed push-ups. This helps in identifying and assessing muscular strength and endurance of the upper body. Depending on which protocol is to be used, you may need a floor mat, metronome, beat drum, audio tape, clapping or stopwatch.

(ii) Abdominal Curl: Abdominal curl test helps to identify and assess muscular strength and endurance of abdominal muscles. For this test, floor mat and stopwatch are required.

(iii) Squat thrust: This test enables an individual to identify and assess muscular strength and endurance of the lower body.

Muscular endurance is the ability of your muscles to perform muscular activity over a period of time or it is the duration upto which you can apply your muscular strength. Muscular endurance is related with the time and duration of the activity. Slow twitch fiber in muscles is responsible for the activities of muscular endurance. Sometimes, the term stamina is also used in place of endurance.

There are many tests to measure muscular endurance. 1000 metre run or walk test is the most common test, which is discussed below.

(i) 1000 Metre Run or Walk Test: Through this test, one can identify and assess cardiovascular endurance. For this test, one needs a running track and a stopwatch.

(a) Procedure: Participants or students should start running from the starting line on the command of the teacher. They have to cover the distance of 1000 metre in the shortest possible time. Walking is also allowed. 

(b) Scoring: The score of this test will be given on the basis of recorded time to cover 1000 meters (in a minute and second).

The abdominal curl is a Pilates strength building exercise that burns calories and helps build your core muscles during a weight loss program. Regular completion of abdominal curls during an exercise program will strengthen your body and tighten the stomach region.

Abdominal curl test helps to identify and assess muscular strength and endurance of abdominal muscles. For this test, floor mat and stopwatch are required.

(i) Procedure: The individual has to lie in a supine position with flexed knees and elbows. Fingers of both the hands are clubbed with each other and are kept behind the head. Individual is asked to raise his or her upper body and then come back to his initial position repeatedly till the given set of time duration ends.

The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) helps us to find out the fat distribution by which we can help in evaluating the overall health of an individual. One who carries more weight around the middle than the hip may have higher risk of developing several health issues. This is the ratio of the circumference of the waist and the circumference of the hip of an individual. This is calculated by dividing waist measurement with the hip measurement of an individual (W ÷ H). For example, if the measurement of the persons waist and hip is 76 cm and 97 cm respectively then his waist-hip ratio will be 0.78.

World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended the given norms for WHR:

In the 1940s, American Psychologist William Herbert Sheldon developed a theory that there are three body types, or somatotypes—

(i) Endomorph: An endomorphic individual typically has short arms and legs and a large amount of mass on their frame. Their mass hampers their ability to compete in sports requiring high levels of agility or speed and perform sustained weight bearing aerobic activities such as running. Sports of pure strength, like powerlifting, are perfect for an endomorph. They can gain weight easily and lose condition quickly if the training stops.

(ii) Mesomorph: A mesomorphic individual excels in strength, agility, and speed related games/sports. Their medium structure and height, along with their tendency to gain muscle and strength easily makes them a strong candidate for a top athlete in any sport. They can sustain low body fat levels and find it easy to lose and gain weight.

(iii) Ectomorph: A predominantly ectomorphic individual is long, slender and thin, and therefore power and strength sports are perhaps not suitable as they are more susceptible to injuries. While they can easily get lean and hard, their lack of musculature severely limits their chances in sports requiring mass. Ectomorphs dominate endurance sports and gymnastics. They can archive low levels of body fat which can be detrimental to health and for females in endurance sports, it can result in a cessation of periods and iron deficiency.

Test is a tool to obtain information to determine the specific characteristics or qualities of an individual regarding knowledge, physical abilities, skill abilities, etc. For example, unit test, annual examinations, physical fitness or body measurement (height, weight).

Measurement can be quantitative, qualitative or both. It is a score or data in numerical/grading values, indicating the capacity or ability of an individual, which is obtained on the basis of applied test. Students score in their test and examination either on the field or in the classroom is called measurement.

It is the process of interpreting the collected data to measure and make the professional judgement of value or worth. After giving the test, everyone wants to know the feedback or effectiveness of the measures, which can be gathered through evaluation. Evaluation may be a formative or summative evaluative process used three steps- process  education, objectives, learning experiences and change of behaviour.

 (i) Endomorph: 

(a) a pear shaped body.

(b) a rounded head.

(ii) Mesomorph: 

(a) a wedge shaped body.

(b) a cubical head.

(iii) Ectomorph: 

(a) a high forehead.

(b) receding chin.

1. BMI is calculated by dividing weight by the square of height.

2.  Test is a tool.

3.  Measurement can be quantitative or qualitative both.

4.  Two types of flexibility are static flexibility and dynamic flexibility.

1.  False.

2.  True.

3.  False.

4.  True.

5.  False.

6.  True.